![]() In bottom-up approach or working backward approach the problem can be solved by starting from the Goal state to the Start state. To solve a problem, either bottom-up approach or top-down approach is followed. A program transforms the inputs to the outputs. A programming language provides a medium for conveying the instructions to the computer. A program is a set of instructions written in a programming language. ![]() The solution to any problem is written in form of a program now. The programs should be functional, efficient, powerful and easy to use. It needs a lot of analyzing (its space and time complexity), experimenting (with dry runs), redesigning, if needed. It is also a science because programs do not work properly the first time as they are written. This important job of programming is done by the programmers. 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Java 1.0 INTRODUCTION Computers can perform different jobs as they are programmable.
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